Colonialism refers to the domination of a more powerful country over another country{ known as a colony} Colonial powers colonialized certain countries to obtain raw materials such as Cocoa or cotton that cant be grown or found in their own country. colonial powers knew how to add value to these raw materials by converting them to useful products & these useful products would be sold at a higher price. for example, cotton can be made into clothing and sold at a higher price. the colonial powers benefit from the sales of these useful products which contributes to their economy. many countries who used to be colonial powers tend to become developed countries quickly.

In colonies, development is slow. althought colonial powers developed infrastructure such as roads and railways to transport the raw materials, the colonial powers neglected other aspects of development such as education and healthcare. this resulted in most of the people in the colonies as uneducated. the people lack of the important skills or knowledge to build their country. therefore, most colonies remain poor and have a poor standard of living.

Political conflicts in the less developed countries { LDCs} can come in the form of a war or political unstability. this would have a negative impact of development. One example would be Sri Lanka. In Sria Lanka, there has been a war between the Tamils and the Sinhalese. The Tamils felt that there were treated unfairly. With a war, foreign investors lost confidence in the country and this has lead to a drop in foreign investments. foreign investments in Sri Lanka have dropped from US66 million to US22 million from 1982 to 1985. Tourism, one of Sri lanka's major source of income, has dropped because of the political war. Tourism arrivals fell by a lot after the war started in 1983.

(c) Social reason; Education
(i) negative impact on LDCs
in general, children living in LDCs have very little opportunites for education as their parents cannot afford to send them to school. this resulted in a low literacy rate. for example, Sierra Leone has a low literacy rate of 29.6% in 2003. this is because the country have little money to spend on education. with a low literacy rate, it would have a negative impact on the development in a country. People who have little education have difficulty in learning new skills or using modern technology. there would be a lack of skilled workers in the country and this would slow down the development of the secondary and tertiary industries.

(ii) positive impact on DCs
DCs tend to have means to build schools and train teachers to educate its people. Some DCs have a long history of placing a strong emphasis on education. one example would be Singapore. Singapore has a high literacy rate of 92.5% in 2005 because the country spends a considerable amount of money on the education sector: building schools, training teachers. with more people in the country being able to read and write { high literacy rate}, a larger proportion of the people would be working in the secondary and tertiary industry and contribute to a higher standard of living.

(d)Pressence of raw materials
(i) positive impact for countries with good leadership
In general, countries that have plenty of raw materials tend to develop faster than a country that has few or no raw materials. this is because the sales of these raw materials would generate more weath to the country and the money can be used to develop other aspects in the country such as healthcare and education. a good example would be Norway. Norway was ranked first in the HDI in 2003. One of the main reasons why norway have achieved such a high level of development is because Norway has a lot of raw materials such as timber and crude oil. crude oil is found in the North sea, Off the coast of Norway. crude oil would be made into petroleum and petroleum is a major source of income in Norway's economy. the Norweigian government felt that the sales of petroluem should not only benefit the petroluem companies but it should also benefit the people of Norway.The norweigian goverment decided to put a profit limit for petroluem producers and the rest of the money would go to the people of Norway. The norweigian goverment has played an important role in helping Norway to achieve such a high level of development.

(ii) negative impact for countries with poor leadership
One example would be Nigeria. Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa and 11th largest oil producer in the world. However, most of its people in Nigeria remain poor and the level of development is low. this is because of corrupt leadership. Nigeria leaders siphoned off billions of dollars that are revenues that are meant for development.

there's the 'climate' and ' cummulative casuation'. gonna have dinner first . ciaos ! (: